Which battery in the future energy storage field can dominate?

Since 2016, domestic and international wind power, photovoltaic, communications and home energy storage markets have begun to heat up. At the same time, the domestic power battery capacity is in a rapid release stage, and the enterprise's ladder utilization technology is becoming more and more mature. The power battery for energy storage can not only help to digest excess battery capacity, but also allow those power batteries that will be retired on a large scale to use the surplus in the use of the ladder. value. Driven by these factors, the field of energy storage is like a thawed river, and it starts to pick up.

In addition, the “new electricity reform” has also laid a solid foundation for the development of energy storage. Coupled with the development of energy storage demonstration projects and the introduction of relevant energy storage support policies, the energy storage sector will usher in a leapfrog during the “13th Five-Year Plan” period. development of. According to industry estimates, by 2020, the energy storage market will reach 136.97 GW, accounting for 7.6% of the total installed capacity of 1800 GW in 2020.

As one of the important energy storage technologies, electrochemical energy storage has been the direction of major enterprises in recent years, and is also the real beneficiary of energy storage “window”. Common electrochemical energy storage batteries include flow batteries, lead carbon batteries, lithium ion batteries, and sodium sulfur batteries. According to the different requirements of energy storage and storage capacity for various applications, various energy storage technologies have suitable application fields. Energy storage is good, and energy storage batteries will also usher in development opportunities. So, what kind of new energy storage batteries will lead the way in the future energy storage field?

All-vanadium flow battery: instant recharge and energy storage for 20 years

The flow battery is also called a redox flow battery and is a new type of large-scale electrochemical energy storage device. At present, many flow batteries have been studied, such as zinc-bromine batteries and all-vanadium flow batteries. The theoretical storage period of the flow battery is unlimited, the storage life is long, there is no self-discharge, and it can be 100% deep discharge without damaging the battery. These characteristics make the flow battery the preferred technology in the field of energy storage.

Taking an all-vanadium flow battery as an example, it can achieve "instantaneous recharging" by replacing the electrolyte, and the life of the all-vanadium flow battery is longer than that of the conventional lithium ion battery. Commercial lithium-ion batteries typically last 5-8 years, while all-vanadium flow batteries last up to 20 years. Its recycling process is simpler than lithium batteries and more advantageous in terms of recycling.

In 2013, Dalian Rongke and Dalian Institute of Chemical Industry jointly developed the world's largest all-vanadium flow battery energy storage system successfully passed the owner's acceptance, which is the world's first 5MW-class large-scale industrial energy storage device. All indicators are at the international leading level. In 2014, Dalian Rongke cooperated with the Bosch Group to build an all-vanadium flow battery energy storage system in the northern German wind farm. In addition, Dalian Rongke also cooperated with UniEnergy Technologies of the United States to build the first MW-class all-vanadium liquid energy storage battery power station in the United States.

Dianhong Electric has been focusing on the research and development of all-vanadium flow battery energy storage system for many years. Up to now, the company has applied for 24 patents, 17 invention patents and 7 enterprise standards in the vanadium battery field, and has carried out 12 vanadium battery energy storage system demonstration projects in China, India, Singapore and other places. The products are exported to South Korea, the United States and other countries. In February 2017, its self-developed modular vanadium battery energy storage system received the first annual order in Korea. At present, the company has provided batteries for several energy storage projects in Korea for two consecutive years.

The all-vanadium liquid energy storage battery is combined with wind power and photovoltaic power to form an off-grid or micro-grid power generation system. It is a good green energy combination for isolated and off-grid remote areas.

Lead carbon battery: the high cost problem of cracking energy storage

The high cost has always been a huge obstacle to the commercialization of energy storage, and the traditional lead storage battery has the disadvantages of heavy weight, small capacity and low life. In order to reduce the cost of energy storage and promote the further application of lead storage batteries in the field of energy storage, lead carbon batteries have begun to enter the stage of energy storage batteries in recent years. The lead-carbon battery is evolved from the traditional lead-acid battery. It combines the lead-acid battery and the super-capacitor into one. It can not only charge for a short time and large capacity, but also maintain the high specific energy of the lead battery, and at the same time, the cycle life and cost performance. Safety, low temperature performance, production and recycling processes also have obvious advantages.

In June 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other three ministries jointly issued the notice “China Manufacturing 2025-Energy Equipment Implementation Plan”. In terms of energy storage equipment, it is clear that high-performance lead-carbon battery energy storage equipment is a key technology research project. At present, many domestic battery companies are gradually improving the layout of lead carbon batteries. As the earliest lead-carbon battery energy storage application, Shuangdeng lead-carbon energy storage battery has been applied in IDC engine room backup power supply, wind and light storage integrated power station and other projects; Shengyang shares the lead carbon battery for energy storage, standby Power supply, communication base station power supply and other fields, and has a large-scale production capacity; Nandu Power Research and Development of lead carbon battery products have been used in a number of domestic energy storage demonstration projects.

Yang Yusheng, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, believes that with its significant advantages of low cost, safety, easy availability of raw materials, reliability, and mature industrial technology, lead carbon batteries have become an energy storage battery product that meets China's industrial layout and manufacturing level. Liu Yong, secretary-general of the Energy Storage Application Branch of the China Chemical and Physical Power Industry Association, said that as a new energy storage technology route, lead carbon batteries have certain advantages and have great development prospects in the current situation where the cost of lithium batteries has not been reduced.

Sodium-sulfur battery: need to meet the high temperature operating environment of 300 ° C

Sodium-sulfur batteries use sodium and sulfur as anodes and cathodes, respectively, in which the alumina ceramic acts as both a separator and an electrolyte. At a certain working temperature, sodium ions pass through a reversible reaction between the alumina ceramic and sulfur to form energy release and storage. The specific energy density of sodium-sulfur battery is 3~4 times that of lead storage battery. It has small volume, high current and high power discharge, high charge and discharge efficiency, and abundant raw material reserves.

The disadvantage of sodium-sulfur battery is the strong corrosiveness of its positive and negative active materials. It is demanding on battery materials, battery structure and operating conditions: the operating temperature is usually between 300 °C and 350 °C, and additional heating equipment is needed to maintain the temperature. And the sodium-sulfur battery can only operate at a temperature of about 300 ° C, which results in a longer start-up time and limits its application to some extent.

After years of cooperation, the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Shanghai Electric Power Company have successfully developed a sodium-sulfur storage unit battery with a capacity of 650 Ah with independent intellectual property rights, making China the second largest in the world after Japan. The country with the core technology of capacity sodium-sulfur monomer cells. In 2015, the sodium-sulfur monomer battery jointly developed by Furui-Qintang New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. and the Hefei Solid State Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was listed in the national “863” project as a “new energy storage technology leader”. The patents and proprietary technologies have covered the entire process and all fields of industrial application of sodium-sulfur batteries, and the technical level has reached the international level.

Sodium-sulfur batteries are suitable for use in specific energy storage environments. Although they are not widely used, they are still irreplaceable in some areas.

Lithium-ion battery : prospects for future energy storage applications

Lithium-ion batteries have a relatively high storage energy density of 200-500 Wh/L, and their weight in the same volume is about 1/5 to 1/6 of that of lead-acid batteries. However, lithium ion batteries have poor overcharge/discharge performance, complicated combination and protection circuits, and high cost relative to lead batteries. The consistency and safety of single cells also need to be improved.

In 2016, lithium batteries accounted for 50% of new energy storage solutions. By 2025, lithium batteries is expected to continue to dominate, accounting for 80% of global power battery energy storage deployment.

Zhang Zifeng, chief engineer of BYD Electric Power Research Institute, said that BYD will have more commercial lithium battery storage operations in 2017-2018. BYD actively participates in the energy storage FM service market, and its shipments for international market FM have exceeded 100MW.

Dong Mingzhu has invested in Yinlong with Wanda Group, Jingdong, CIMC and other companies. They are interested in “making cars” and lithium titanate energy storage batteries. In addition to being used in new energy vehicles, the lithium niobate battery is a trillion-dollar energy storage market. According to industry experts, unlike power batteries, energy storage batteries value the long life, low cost, and high safety of batteries. Lithium titanate energy storage batteries have obvious advantages in these areas.

Li Changqing, general manager of AVIC Lithium Storage Energy Storage Division, said that like the hot electric vehicle market, the “window” of the energy storage market will soon come. In the strategic planning of AVIC Lithium, the energy storage business and the electric vehicle business are in the same league. The position of the company has been well reserved in terms of technology and production line layout.

As the industry has said, after the new energy vehicles, the next era will belong to energy storage. Prophetic enterprises, in addition to the layout of lead-carbon battery energy storage, Shuangdeng, Nandu, etc., in the distribution of all vanadium redox flow battery storage, Dalian Rongke and Vigor Electric, etc., in the distribution of sodium and sulfur battery energy storage in China The Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Academy of Sciences and the Shanghai Electric Power Company, in addition to BYD and Dong Mingzhu in the storage of lithium-ion batteries, also include Guoxuan Hi-Tech, Zhongxing Paieng, Mengshi Technology, Xiongyi, and Thornton. Energy, Xinwangda and a number of well-known domestic and foreign battery & PACK companies, and even lithium battery material integrated suppliers such as Shanshan shares, based on their own advantages and judgment on the energy storage market, actively deploy energy storage projects.

In the next few years, the energy storage battery market is bound to usher in good results. Lead-carbon batteries, all-vanadium flow batteries and lithium-ion batteries are expected to take advantage of their own advantages. And who will go further, but also to see to what extent the advancement of technology can make up for the "innate" deficiencies in different energy storage batteries.

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